Developing a Data-Driven Tiered Instructional Model for Advanced Mathematics Learning in Engineering Education: A Case Study in a Chinese University

Despite widespread adoption of tiered instruction in engineering mathematics education, existing approaches lack a systematic integration of learning analytics and data-driven decision-making frameworks; instead, they rely on subjective teacher judgments and static ability groupings that fail to address the dynamic, multidimensional nature of student heterogeneity. This study developed and evaluated a comprehensive data-driven tiered instructional model specifically designed for advanced mathema