Gender Bias: the Distribution of Power and Social Roles in the Minangkabau Society

Gender bias often emerges from unequal role distribution between women and men, including in societies that are normatively regarded as gender inclusive. The Minangkabau community, widely recognized for its matrilineal kinship system, is frequently assumed to privilege women; however, empirical realities indicate persistent gender asymmetries in power and authority. This study examines how gender bias manifests within Minangkabau customary structures, particularly in relation to social roles, au