Assessment and evaluation of soil ecosystem services in forest and adjacent cultivated lands in Nkanu East Microclimate Watershed, Southeastern Nigeria

Land-use conversion from tropical forests to agriculture represents one of the most widespread environmental transformations globally, with profound implications for soil ecosystem services. In West Africa, extensive forest conversion has led to soil degradation and loss of critical ecosystem services. This study quantified land-use change impacts on soil ecosystem services using static Soil Function Assessment (SFA) in the Nkanu East watershed, southeastern Nigeria. Sixteen soil profile pits we