Competitiveness Dynamics of the New Energy Vehicle Innovation Ecosystem: A Functional–Structural Analysis under New-Generation Productive Forces

In the context of a global shift toward green, intelligent, and high-end development, this study examines how New-Generation Productive Forces (NGPF) drive the competitiveness of the New Energy Vehicle (NEV) industrial innovation ecosystem. We develop a comprehensive evaluation framework integrating functional (innovation inputs, outputs, and performance) and structural (collaboration network characteristics) dimensions. Using a hierarchical entropy weighting method and TOPSIS, we measure the co