Comparative indexation of potentially toxic elements for soil pollution monitoring using ICP-OES and FTIR spectroscopy in Central Morocco

The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils poses significant risks to food safety and ecosystem health, necessitating rapid and cost-effective monitoring approaches. While inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) provides accurate PTE quantification, its high cost, time requirements, and chemical reagent necessitate the search for green, fast, robust, and cost-effective alternatives. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of mid-inf