Influence of oxygen vacancy in CaCu3Ti4O12 materials on photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye pollutants

Abstract Oxygen vacancies were introduced into CaCu3Ti4O12 using bisphenol A to enhance its UV-driven photodegradation of methylene blue. Structural and spectroscopic analyses confirmed successful vacancy formation. Radical trapping identified ·OH as a key species. Optimized samples achieved 84.68% removal (0.0061 min−1), far exceeding pristine CaCu3Ti4O12 (32.78%), via oxygen vacancies. This work provides a new route to optimize photodegradation performance of CaCu3Ti4O12 by the modulation of i