Shifts in Agency and Classroom Power Dynamics in Online English as a Foreign Language Classrooms: A Literature Review

Classroom power dynamics refer to the distribution of authority and influence among teachers and students inside the classroom. Learner agency theory explores how students actively shape their own learning, coconstruct knowledge, and participate in decision-making within these power structures. The transition to online education changed the nature of classroom interaction by reducing face-to-face communication and nonverbal cues, elements essential for establishing strong teacher-student connect