From Freshness to Effectiveness : Goal-Oriented Sampling for Remote Decision Making

Data freshness, measured by Age of Information (AoI), is highly relevant in networked applications such as Vehicle to Everything (V2X), smart health systems, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). However, freshness alone does not always equate to utility in decision-making. In decision-critical settings, some <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">stale</i> data may be more valuable than <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math