An Ergonomic Evaluation of Mosque Ablution Areas (Shadirvans): A User Perception Study

Mosque ablution areas (shadirvans) play a critical role in supporting ritual purification; however, their design is largely unstandardized and rarely evaluated from an ergonomic perspective. This study investigates the effectiveness of existing shadirvan designs by assessing user perceptions of comfort, safety, hygiene, and usability. A questionnaire-based survey was administered through structured interviews with 200 male users across 15 mosques in Istanbul, Türkiye. Fourteen Likert-scale items