Causation and consequence: political freedom and women's leadership in ASEAN politics

Purpose To achieve the sustainable development goals, women must have equitable leadership and involvement in politics and public life to promote inclusivity in problem-solving. Several studies have established the relationships between democracy, women's participation in democracy and gender equality. To capture an underexplored avenue, this study examined the causal relationships between political freedom and women's leadership and political participation. Design/methodology/approach In this q