Revisiting Patel’s Frontier Vision: Border Disputes, Cultural Integration and Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh

The study examines the vision of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in integrating diverse regions like present-day Arunachal Pradesh (AP). The tribals were self-reliant with traditional socio- political systems, making integration complex. Despite this, Patel foresaw the strategic importance of the Himalayas, especially during China’s growing influence in Tibet, in 1950. His vision led to the inclusion of Tawang in 1951, which is now a disputed region between India and China. Drawing upon historical reco