Dynamics of ecosystem services values in response to land use land cover change in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

Ecosystem services (ES) are direct and indirect benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. Land use land cover (LULC) change profoundly influences ecosystem service values (ESVs), shaping ecological functionality and human well-being. Using Landsat data from 1995 to 2025, LULC was analyzed for spatiotemporal change in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia, using GIS and remote sensing techniques. By integrating band combinations, training samples were taken, and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was