High-throughput optical neuromorphic graphic processing at millions of images per second

Abstract Optical diffractive neural networks (DNNs) offer superb parallelism and scalability for the direct analogue processing of planar information. However, their complete reliance on coherent light interference constrains the integration and computational frequency, as well as demonstrating low diffraction efficiency and robustness. Here, we present an optical graphics processing unit (OGPU) with a vertically integrated architecture, addressing these challenges through the use of an addressa