Large-scale private investors, yield, farm income and food security in Ghana: evidence from continuous treatment approach

Introduction This study investigates the effect of training hours received from Large-Scale Private Investors (LSPIs) on rice yield, farm income, and food security among smallholder farmers in Ghana. With the expansion of LSPIs in agricultural service delivery, identifying the optimal intensity of extension services is key to maximizing their impact. Methods Using data from rice-producing households, the study applies a dose-response function (DRF) and marginal treatment effect (MTE) analysis to