Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Forest Cover Change in Duhok, Iraq: Past and Future

This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of forest cover in Duhok district, Iraq, where urbanization, industrial activities, and agricultural expansion have significantly impacted the environment. Utilizing an Ensemble Deep Learning approach, this study integrated Land Use and Land Cover data and environmental factors (climate, topography, and geology) to model forest cover changes from 2000 to 2060. Land Use and Land Cover maps were generated using the Random Forest classifier, whereas f