Clinical and Functional Outcome of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 33 Years Later
Rachel G. Klein·F. Xavier Castellanos·Jesse A. Hutchison·Erica R. Roizen·María A. Ramos Olazagasti·Erin C. Lashua·Salvatore Mannuzza
CONTEXT Prospective studies of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not extended beyond early adulthood. OBJECTIVE To examine whether children diagnosed as having ADHD at a mean age of 8 years (probands) have worse educational, occupational, economic, social, and marital outcomes and higher rates of ongoing ADHD, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), substance use disorders (SUDs), adult-onset psychiatric disorders, psychiatric hospitalizations, and incarcerations tha